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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors
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Context-specific α- to-β-cell reprogramming by forced Pdx1 expression.

Yu-Ping Yang1, Fabrizio Thorel, Daniel F Boyer

  • 1Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.

Genes & Development
|August 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single transcription factor Pdx1 reprogramming converts alpha cells to beta cells during postnatal development. This reveals Pdx1

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Single transcription factors offer insights into epigenetic mechanisms of cell differentiation.
  • Understanding cell plasticity is crucial for controlling lineage diversification.
  • Manipulating ontogeny in vitro can guide cell fate decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Pdx1 in cell reprogramming during endocrine differentiation.
  • To determine if Pdx1 can autonomously reprogram cells.
  • To explore the potential of Pdx1 in controlling pancreatic cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Enforced Pdx1 expression from the Neurogenin-3-expressing endocrine commitment point.
  • Analysis of cell allocation and differentiation during embryonic and postnatal stages.
  • Assessment of alpha-to-beta cell conversion through glucagon-insulin double positivity.

Main Results:

  • Embryonic Pdx1 expression led to minor beta-cell increase and reduced alpha-cell numbers.
  • Postnatal conversion of Pdx1-expressing glucagon/Arx-producing cells to beta cells.
  • Complete absence of alpha cells observed, with no Pdx1 activation in later glucagon-expressing states.

Conclusions:

  • Pdx1 acts as a potent, context-dependent, autonomous reprogramming agent.
  • The study suggests a postnatal differentiation evaluation stage in endocrine maturation.
  • Findings highlight Pdx1's capability to drive alpha-to-beta cell conversion.