Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 30, 2026

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
Published on: July 5, 2016
The elemental composition of renal and ureteral stones determined with the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
Kajetan Juszczak1, Andrzej Wróbel, Marek Wyczółkowski
1Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland. kajus13@poczta.onet.pl
Abstract:
Many theories describe the lithogenesis within urinary tract. In addition, trace amounts of some heavy metals have been found in urinary calculi. However, their role in lithogenesis is still debated. Trace and heavy metals may be involved in induction of crystallization, depending on the relationships between metals and solutes able to crystallize in urine. Many papers have evaluated the elemental concentration of kidney stones, however there are still less data concerning the elemental composition of kidney and ureteral stones.
Related Concept Videos
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

