Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

9.3K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
9.3K
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

16.4K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
16.4K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

4.2K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
4.2K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.7K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
4.7K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.1K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.1K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.8K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Primary ciliogenesis is promoted during epithelial-mesenchymal transition via a miR-200 - DZIP1 axis.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2026
Same author

Specific SLC25 carriers regulate mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Strongly regulated transcription factors exert an outsized influence in microRNA-regulated networks.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2025
Same author

POLRMT overexpression increases mtDNA transcription without affecting steady-state mRNA levels.

Life science alliance·2025
Same author

Half of annotated human microRNAs are expressed at levels of questionable biological significance.

iScience·2025
Same author

Regulation and dysregulation of microRNA - transcription factor axes in differentiation and neuroblastoma.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS·2025
Same journal

Co-option of lysosomal machinery shapes the evolution of the intracellular photosymbiosis supporting coral reefs.

Cell·2026
Same journal

LEF1 and niche factors determine T cell stemness across chronic diseases.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Recurrent patterns of TOP1-mediated neuronal genomic damage shared by major neurodegenerative disorders.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Four-dimensional molecular mapping from a spatial snapshot reveals the dynamics of hair follicle organogenesis.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Whole-cell particle-based digital twin simulations from 4D lattice light-sheet microscopy data.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Systematic discovery of pathogen effector functions across human pathogens and pathways.

Cell·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function
08:32

Author Spotlight: Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.9K

The human mitochondrial transcriptome.

Tim R Mercer1, Shane Neph, Marcel E Dinger

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.

Cell
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals complex regulation of human mitochondrial RNA. Researchers found variations in transcript levels and processing, offering new insights into mitochondrial gene expression and disease.

More Related Videos

Isolation and Profiling of Human Primary Mesenteric Arterial Endothelial Cells at the Transcriptome Level
09:45

Isolation and Profiling of Human Primary Mesenteric Arterial Endothelial Cells at the Transcriptome Level

Published on: March 14, 2022

3.4K
Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
10:32

Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl

Published on: August 14, 2013

8.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function
08:32

Author Spotlight: Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.9K
Isolation and Profiling of Human Primary Mesenteric Arterial Endothelial Cells at the Transcriptome Level
09:45

Isolation and Profiling of Human Primary Mesenteric Arterial Endothelial Cells at the Transcriptome Level

Published on: March 14, 2022

3.4K
Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
10:32

Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl

Published on: August 14, 2013

8.3K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The human mitochondrial genome has a unique genetic system.
  • It produces polycistronic transcripts that are processed into functional RNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the human mitochondrial transcriptome.
  • To identify novel transcripts and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Directional deep sequencing
  • Parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE)
  • High-throughput in vivo DNaseI footprinting

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant variation in mitochondrial transcript abundance across cell lines and tissues.
  • Precisely mapped transcript processing and maturation events.
  • Identified new small RNAs and enriched nuclear RNAs within mitochondria.
  • Mapped DNA-binding protein occupancy across the mitochondrial genome at single-nucleotide resolution.
  • Revealed regulatory features at transcription initiation sites and insights into disease variants.

Conclusions:

  • The human mitochondrial transcriptome exhibits greater complexity than previously understood.
  • This study provides a valuable resource for mitochondrial research and understanding disease-associated variants.