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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
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Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Updated: May 30, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

B-1 lymphocytes differentiate into functional osteoclast-like cells.

Livia Souza Pugliese1, Thais Oliveira Gonçalves, Ana Flávia Popi

  • 1Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Rua Botucatu 862/4 andar, 04023-009 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Immunobiology
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

B-1 lymphocytes play a crucial role in bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. These cells differentiate into osteoclast-like cells, impacting bone remodeling and offering new insights into bone-lymphoid cell interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bone Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Murine peritoneal osteoclast precursors are known.
  • Recent studies suggest an interplay between B lymphocytes and osteoclast development.
  • B-1 cells, a subset of B lymphocytes, reside in pleural and peritoneal cavities and can differentiate into phagocytes and multinucleated giant cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of B-1 lymphocytes in bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis.
  • To determine if B-1 cells can differentiate into functional osteoclasts.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of experimental periodontitis in B-1 cell deficient Xid mice.
  • Reconstitution of Xid mice with B-1 cells.
  • In vitro culture of B-1 cells with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).
  • Assessment of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positivity, multinucleation, and lacunae formation.

Main Results:

  • Bone resorption was impaired in B-1 deficient Xid mice.
  • Reconstitution with B-1 cells restored bone resorption levels.
  • B-1 cells expressed RANK and M-CSFR.
  • B-1 cells differentiated into TRAP-positive multinucleated cells with osteoclast-like function (lacunae formation).
  • IgM expression decreased during B-1 cell differentiation into osteoclasts.

Conclusions:

  • B-1 lymphocytes are a novel source of osteoclasts.
  • B-1 cells contribute significantly to bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis.
  • This study reveals a new connection between the lymphoid system and bone metabolism.