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Updated: May 30, 2026

Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV
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Non-invasive sample collection for respiratory virus testing by multiplex PCR.

Anne J Blaschke1, Mandy A Allison, Lindsay Meyers

  • 1University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. anne.blaschke@hsc.utah.edu

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
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Non-invasive anterior nare swabs and facial tissues show promise for detecting respiratory viruses via multiplex PCR. While sensitivity varies by virus, these methods offer a simpler alternative to invasive nasopharyngeal aspirates for surveillance.

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Identifying respiratory pathogens typically requires invasive nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA).
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) offers potential for less invasive sampling methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of non-invasive anterior nare swabs and facial tissues for detecting respiratory viruses using multiplex PCR.
  • To compare viral detection rates between non-invasive methods and traditional NPA.

Main Methods:

  • Children with respiratory symptoms provided anterior nare swab, facial tissue, and NPA samples.
  • All samples were analyzed using multiplex PCR for respiratory virus detection.
  • Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using NPA as the gold standard.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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Main Results:

  • NPA samples detected viruses in 91% of cases, compared to 82% for swabs and 77% for tissues.
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) were the most frequently detected viruses.
  • Swabs detected 74% of infections, tissues 58%, with sensitivities ranging from 17-94% (swabs) and 33-84% (tissues).

Conclusions:

  • Anterior nare swabs and facial tissues demonstrate variable sensitivity for different respiratory viruses.
  • Non-invasive sampling, due to its simplicity and specificity, is a viable option for respiratory virus surveillance when invasive methods are not feasible.