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The NIH experience in first advancing fMRI.

Robert Turner1

  • 1Department of Neurophysics, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. turner@cbs.mpg.de

Neuroimage
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Functional MRI (fMRI) development at NIH in 1992 by Turner built on earlier research. This review covers the steps leading to BOLD EPI and early fMRI applications.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1992 was rooted in research goals established in 1983.
  • Key advancements included work on actively-shielded gradient coils and Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) techniques, particularly diffusion-weighted EPI, between 1988 and 1990.

Observation:

  • Research on hypoxia in cat brains in 1990 inspired the demonstration of Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast in humans in May 1991.
  • The first noninvasive mapping of human brain activity during visual stimulation was achieved by a team at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH).

Findings:

  • Turner introduced BOLD fMRI at NIH in February 1992, utilizing BOLD EPI techniques.
  • This paper details the progression toward BOLD EPI and Turner's initial applications of BOLD fMRI at NIH.

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Implications:

  • The foundational work paved the way for widespread adoption of fMRI in neuroscience research.
  • Early applications demonstrated the potential of BOLD fMRI for studying human brain function noninvasively.