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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Selectins01:25

Selectins

Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain, which...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
14:08

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

Distinct interactions select and maintain a specific cell fate.

Andreas Doncic1, Melody Falleur-Fettig, Jan M Skotheim

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Molecular Cell
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell fate decisions in budding yeast depend on precisely timed molecular switches. This study reveals distinct mechanisms for cell fate specification and maintenance, crucial for developmental processes.

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23:21

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Cell fate determination is critical for development but its underlying dynamics are not fully understood.
  • The mating-mitosis switch in budding yeast provides a model to study cell fate commitment and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze the dynamics of cell fate commitment during the mating-mitosis switch in budding yeast.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the selection and maintenance of distinct cell fates.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative single-cell analysis.
  • Investigated the role of the G1 cyclin positive feedback loop and the cyclin inhibitor Far1.
  • Examined the impact of cyclin-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of the Ste5 scaffold protein.

Main Results:

  • Cell cycle commitment precisely activates the G1 cyclin positive feedback loop, competing with Far1.
  • Phosphorylation and inhibition of Ste5 are essential for exclusive mitotic gene expression post-commitment.
  • Failure in exclusive commitment leads to mixed gene expression and inviable cell fates.

Conclusions:

  • Cell fate specification and maintenance involve distinct molecular interactions.
  • Disparate reaction rates likely underlie these distinct interactions.
  • This mechanism may be a general feature of regulatory networks controlling cell fate selection.