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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Catenins01:23

Catenins

Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
Catenins in Cell Junctions
Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and link them to different cytoskeletal proteins depending on the type of cell junction. At the adherens...
Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting
10:08

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Published on: December 9, 2022

Roles for CCN2 in normal physiological processes.

Faith Hall-Glenn1, Karen M Lyons

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 510 Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is crucial for embryonic development, impacting cartilage, blood vessel formation, and epithelial tissues. Emerging research highlights its essential roles beyond fibrosis.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting
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Published on: December 9, 2022

An Optimized O9-1/Hydrogel System for Studying Mechanical Signals in Neural Crest Cells
11:02

An Optimized O9-1/Hydrogel System for Studying Mechanical Signals in Neural Crest Cells

Published on: August 13, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a matricellular protein involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis.
  • While CCN2's role in fibrosis is established, its developmental functions are increasingly recognized.
  • CCN2 is part of the CCN (CCN1-6) family, known for diverse biological activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging data on CCN2 functions in chondrogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • To highlight new findings on CCN2's essential roles in embryonic and postnatal epithelial development.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of CCN2's multifaceted roles in tissue development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and genetic studies.
  • Analysis of data from new genetic models investigating CCN2 function.
  • Synthesis of findings on CCN2's involvement in chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and epithelial development.

Main Results:

  • CCN2 plays essential roles in the development of multiple tissues, including cartilage and blood vessels.
  • New genetic studies reveal critical functions of CCN2 during embryonic and postnatal development.
  • CCN2 is vital for the development and function of various epithelial tissues.

Conclusions:

  • CCN2 is a key regulator of chondrogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • CCN2 has indispensable functions in embryonic and postnatal development across multiple tissue types.
  • Further research into CCN2's developmental roles is warranted.