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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

[T-cell costimulation. Basic mechanisms and new aspects].

¹Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany. hutloff@drfz.de

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie

|August 23, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research on T-cell costimulators CD226 and TIGIT, and the new ligand VISTA, offers insights into autoimmune diseases. These molecules function similarly to known costimulators CD28/CTLA-4 and PD-1.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmune Diseases

Context:

Recent publications highlight T-cell costimulators CD226 and TIGIT.
The novel costimulatory ligand VISTA has been identified.
These molecules are crucial for understanding autoimmune diseases.

Purpose:

To explore the function of CD226 and TIGIT.
To understand the role of VISTA in immune responses.
To compare these systems with established costimulatory pathways.

Summary:

CD226 and TIGIT function as T-cell costimulators.
VISTA is a newly identified costimulatory ligand.
Both CD226/TIGIT and VISTA systems show similarities to CD28/CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways.

Impact:

Advances understanding of autoimmune disease mechanisms.
Provides potential targets for novel immunotherapies.
Elucidates complex T-cell regulation.