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Related Concept Videos

Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry
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Measuring oxygen reduction/evolution reactions on the nanoscale.

Amit Kumar1, Francesco Ciucci, Anna N Morozovska

  • 1The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. ka7@ornl.gov

Nature Chemistry
|August 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a nanoscale method to directly measure oxygen reactions crucial for fuel cells and batteries. This technique visualizes oxygen activity at the atomic level, paving the way for improved energy device design.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Oxygen reduction and evolution reactions are critical for fuel cell and metal-air battery efficiency.
  • Current understanding of these reactions is limited to macroscopic studies, hindering material optimization.
  • Nanoscale insights into oxygen reaction kinetics are needed for advanced energy technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a nanoscale measurement technique for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions.
  • To investigate oxygen vacancy diffusion on solid surfaces with sub-10 nm resolution.
  • To visualize the activation of oxygen reactions at the nanoscale.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) with a biased scanning probe.
  • The ESM tip acted as an electrocatalytically active probe for local electrochemical activity.
  • Mapped oxygen activity on yttria-stabilized zirconia surfaces with and without platinum functionalization.

Main Results:

  • Achieved direct measurements of oxygen reduction/evolution reactions and oxygen vacancy diffusion at sub-10 nm resolution.
  • Visualized the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction activation process at the triple-phase boundary.
  • Demonstrated the capability of ESM for nanoscale electrochemical analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ESM approach provides unprecedented nanoscale understanding of oxygen reaction mechanisms.
  • This technique enables direct visualization of electrochemical processes at material interfaces.
  • The method is extendable to various oxygen-conductive and electrocatalytic materials for energy applications.