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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic and are commonly found near the...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells
08:18

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells

Published on: September 5, 2017

Radiation damage reveals promising interaction position.

Cornelia Koch1, Andreas Heine, Gerhard Klebe

  • 1Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|August 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synchrotron radiation can damage protein complexes during structural studies. This research observed a bromine-inhibitor bond breaking, with the bromide atom relocating within the protein structure.

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Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites
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Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites

Published on: August 2, 2024

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells
08:18

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells

Published on: September 5, 2017

Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites
09:39

Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites

Published on: August 2, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Drug Design

Background:

  • High-resolution structural data of protein-inhibitor complexes are crucial for rational drug design.
  • Synchrotron radiation, while enabling atomic resolution, can cause radiation damage to protein complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of moderate radiation doses on a human aldose reductase mutant complexed with a bromine-substituted inhibitor.
  • To determine the atomic resolution structure of the complex and analyze potential radiation-induced damage.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was used to determine the atomic resolution structure of the protein-inhibitor complex (PDB code 3onc).
  • Analysis of difference electron density maps to identify structural changes and atom locations.
  • Verification of findings using a second structure determined at a higher radiation dose (PDB code 3onb).

Main Results:

  • A selective disruption of the bromine-inhibitor bond was observed, despite a moderate radiation dose.
  • The protein structure remained largely unaffected, while the bromine atom was cleaved from the inhibitor.
  • The displaced bromine atom was identified as a bromide ion, relocating to an adjacent unoccupied site stabilized by interactions with protein residues.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation-induced cleavage of covalent bonds, specifically C-Br bonds in inhibitors, can occur even at moderate doses during X-ray crystallography.
  • Displaced atoms, such as bromide ions, can interact with protein residues, potentially influencing structural interpretations.
  • Understanding these radiation damage mechanisms is essential for accurate structural analysis and reliable drug design.