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Related Concept Videos

Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy
10:53

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

Published on: July 30, 2013

Experimental and theoretical charge density studies at subatomic resolution.

A Fischer1, D Tiana, W Scherer

  • 1Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|August 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate charge density studies require accounting for core shell contraction and polarization in covalent bonds. Neglecting these subatomic effects leads to errors in electron density reconstruction and thermal parameters.

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All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
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Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Quantum chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate charge density studies are crucial for understanding chemical bonding.
  • Covalent bond formation in materials like diamond and silicon involves complex electronic rearrangements.
  • Existing multipolar models may not fully capture subatomic charge density phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of core shell contraction and polarization on charge density.
  • To evaluate the necessity of including these phenomena in multipolar refinements.
  • To provide guidelines for precise electron density reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of experimental and theoretical structure factors.
  • Application of the extended Hansen-Coppens multipolar model.
  • Refinement of X-ray powder diffraction data from synchrotron radiation.

Main Results:

  • Core shell contraction significantly perturbs charge density in covalent materials.
  • Omission of core phenomena leads to erroneous thermal displacement parameters and residual densities.
  • Refinement of all atomic shell parameters, including polarization, is essential for accurate electron density.

Conclusions:

  • Precise charge density studies must incorporate core shell contraction and polarization.
  • The extended Hansen-Coppens model is suitable for analyzing these subatomic effects.
  • Accurate electron density reconstruction is vital for materials science and chemical bonding analysis.