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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes
08:52

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

Published on: July 26, 2019

Researching routine immunization-do we know what we don't know?

C John Clements1, Margaret Watkins, Ciro de Quadros

  • 1The University of Melbourne, Australia. john@clem.com.au

Vaccine
|August 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implementing strategic plans, not just more research, is key to increasing childhood immunization coverage and preventing vaccine-preventable diseases globally. Focus on scaling proven practices to improve global health outcomes.

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes
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Published on: July 26, 2019

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Published on: February 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Immunization Programs
  • Global Health

Background:

  • The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has aimed to increase vaccine access since 1974.
  • Despite progress, millions of infants remain under-immunized, especially in low-income countries.
  • A 2009 CDC expert panel convened to identify research needs for strengthening immunization services in developing nations.

Framework:

  • Identified research opportunities by reviewing existing studies, knowledge gaps, and critical questions.
  • Panel members and participants prioritized research topics based on their perceived importance.
  • A consensus emerged on 28 priority research areas for improving immunization programs.

Implementation:

  • Research needs spanned increasing vaccine coverage, introducing new vaccines, integrating services, and financing immunization.
  • Few topics reached consensus for immediate research investment.
  • Priorities included scaling up proven best practices and aligning operational research with programmatic needs.

Implications:

  • Strategic plan implementation, rather than further research, is crucial for boosting immunization rates.
  • Effective implementation of immunization strategies can prevent disease, disability, and death.
  • Focusing on country-specific, scalable best practices is essential for maximizing impact.