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Related Concept Videos

Bearing Stress01:22

Bearing Stress

Bearing stress refers to the contact pressure between two separate bodies. To visualize this, imagine a bolt thrust through a plate. The bolt applies a force to the plate, which exerts an equal but opposite force back onto the bolt. This force isn't just a singular entity but a compilation of numerous smaller forces distributed across the contact surface between the bolt and the plate.
Due to the intricacy of these microforces, an average value, known as bearing stress, is often used by...
Stresses in a Shaft01:18

Stresses in a Shaft

The shaft PQ is subjected to a twisting force when equal and opposite torques are applied on either side. A section that cuts perpendicular to the shaft's axis at any arbitrary point R is examined to understand this. When the free-body diagram of the QR segment is analyzed, it reveals the shearing forces exerted by the PR portion onto the QR segment as the shaft experiences twisting.
Applying equilibrium conditions to the QR segment establishes that the internal shearing forces within the...
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft01:23

Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft

Effective lubrication between a rotating shaft and its bearing housing is essential in rotating machinery to minimize friction, wear, and energy loss. With carefully controlled thickness and viscosity, the lubricant layer prevents metal-to-metal contact, ensuring smooth operation.
To calculate the required thickness of the lubricant layer, the tangential velocity at the shaft's surface must first be determined. This velocity is calculated by converting the rotational speed to angular velocity...
Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
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Tuning jammed frictionless disk packings from isostatic to hyperstatic.

Carl F Schreck1, Corey S O'Hern, Leonardo E Silbert

  • 1Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8120, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Disordered, isostatic disk packings exist over a finite range of packing fractions. Mechanical properties continuously change from isostatic to hyperstatic states with increasing contact number.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Science

Background:

  • Understanding the mechanical properties of granular materials is crucial.
  • Disordered packings are common in nature and industry.
  • Jamming transition is a key phenomenon in granular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate structural and mechanical properties of 2D bidisperse disk packings.
  • Explore the transition from isostatic to hyperstatic states.
  • Characterize disordered versus ordered packings.

Main Methods:

  • Computational studies using two distinct packing-generation protocols.
  • Thermal quenching and compression/decompression steps to reach jamming onset.
  • Analysis of structural parameters (contact number, order parameters) and mechanical properties (shear modulus, normal mode frequencies).

Main Results:

  • Generated over 10^4 static packings across various parameters.
  • Disordered, isostatic packings found in a finite packing fraction range.
  • Isostatic packings are positionally/compositionally disordered; hyperstatic packings show increased order with contact number.
  • Mechanical properties change continuously from isostatic to hyperstatic.

Conclusions:

  • Isostaticity is a finite-size property in these systems.
  • Order and mechanical properties evolve continuously with increasing coordination.
  • Computational methods effectively probe the jamming transition and packing properties.