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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
Transition State Theory01:25

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...
Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression results...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Stochastic phase transition operator.

Takanobu Yamanobe1

  • 1Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. yamanobe@med.hokudai.ac.jp

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A new Markov operator models impulse-driven biological oscillators. This method approximates density evolution and reveals novel stochastic dynamic bifurcations using operator eigenvalues.

Area of Science:

  • * Mathematical Biology
  • * Stochastic Processes
  • * Dynamical Systems

Background:

  • * Biological oscillators are crucial in various life processes.
  • * Understanding their dynamics under external impulses is complex.
  • * Existing methods like Fokker-Planck equations can be computationally intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To introduce a novel Markov operator for modeling impulse-driven stochastic biological oscillators.
  • * To approximate the density evolution of these systems efficiently.
  • * To analyze oscillator responses and uncover new dynamic behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • * Construction of a Markov operator's stochastic kernel via asymptotic expansion of stochastic processes.
  • * Application of the operator to analyze transient and stationary properties.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

  • * Utilizing eigenvalues of the product of Markov operators to identify bifurcations.
  • Main Results:

    • * The developed Markov operator accurately approximates the density evolution of the biological oscillator.
    • * The operator facilitates analysis of the oscillator's response to periodic and time-varying impulses.
    • * An unreported stochastic dynamic bifurcation was discovered using the operator's eigenvalues.

    Conclusions:

    • * The introduced Markov operator provides an effective and efficient tool for studying impulse-driven stochastic biological oscillators.
    • * This approach offers new insights into oscillator dynamics and bifurcation phenomena.
    • * The method has potential applications in analyzing complex biological systems with external forcing.