Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Nitric oxide may contribute to nocturnal hemodynamic changes in cirrhotic patients.

The American journal of gastroenterology·2000

Same author

Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 modulate the rabies infection of adult sensory neurons in primary cultures.

Brain research·2000

Same author

[Tumors with rhabdomyoblasts and neuroblasts].

Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina)·2000

Same author

Outcome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma selected for surgery: an analysis of 88 cases investigated in a single clinical center.

European journal of endocrinology·2000

Same author

Increased cerebrospinal fluid fas (Apo-1) levels in Alzheimer's disease. Relationship with IL-6 concentrations.

Brain research·2000

Same author

Prostate-specific antigen complexed to alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin in the early detection of prostate cancer.

European urology·2000

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Experimental Strategies to Bridge Large Tissue Gaps in the Injured Spinal Cord after Acute and Chronic Lesion

Experimental Strategies to Bridge Large Tissue Gaps in the Injured Spinal Cord after Acute and Chronic Lesion

Published on: April 5, 2016

Changes in CNS structures after spinal cord lesions implications for BMI.

M Martinez¹, S Rossignol

¹Department of Physiology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team of the Canadian Institute for Health Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Progress in Brain Research

|August 27, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal pattern generators (CPGs) contribute to hindlimb locomotion recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Both spinal and supraspinal structures reorganize, which is crucial for brain-machine interface (BMI) strategies.

More Related Videos

Establishing a Mouse Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model Based on a Minimally Invasive Technique

Establishing a Mouse Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model Based on a Minimally Invasive Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Experimental Strategies to Bridge Large Tissue Gaps in the Injured Spinal Cord after Acute and Chronic Lesion

Experimental Strategies to Bridge Large Tissue Gaps in the Injured Spinal Cord after Acute and Chronic Lesion

Published on: April 5, 2016

Establishing a Mouse Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model Based on a Minimally Invasive Technique

Establishing a Mouse Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model Based on a Minimally Invasive Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Spinal Cord Injury Research
Locomotion

Background:

The spinal cord contains central pattern generators (CPGs) capable of producing rhythmic locomotor movements independently of descending supraspinal input.
Complete spinalization in animals allows for hindlimb locomotion, demonstrating the CPGs' intrinsic capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of the spinal pattern generator (CPG) in functional recovery after partial spinal cord lesions (SCI).
To review the spontaneous reorganization capacity of spinal and supraspinal structures following incomplete SCI in animal models.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on spinal cord injury (SCI) and locomotion recovery in animal models (rats and cats).
Analysis of spontaneous functional reorganization in both spinal (CPG) and supraspinal pathways post-SCI.

Main Results:

Partial SCI triggers functional reorganization in both the spinal cord circuitry (CPG) and connected supraspinal structures.
These adaptive changes occur spontaneously along the neuraxis below the lesion site.

Conclusions:

The spinal pattern generator (CPG) plays a role in the recovery of locomotion after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI).
Brain-machine interface (BMI) strategies aimed at functional recovery post-SCI must consider the adaptive reorganization occurring at both spinal and supraspinal levels.