Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Obexelimab for the Treatment of IgG4-Related Disease.

The New England journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Secukinumab for Giant Cell Arteritis.

NEJM evidence·2026
Same author

Phase 3 Trial of Secukinumab in Polymyalgia Rheumatica.

The New England journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Broad screening of inflammation-associated proteins identifies serum CCL19 as a novel biomarker of disease activity in IgG4-related disease.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

Evaluation of steroid toxicity using the Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index-Metabolic Domains instrument in adults with myasthenia gravis: a real-world study in the USA.

Journal of comparative effectiveness research·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Obexelimab to Treat IgG4-Related Disease: Protocol for a Global, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Rheumatology and therapy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

The cryoglobulinaemias.

Manuel Ramos-Casals1, John H Stone, Maria C Cid

  • 1Josep Font Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Institut Clínic de Medicina I Dermatologia, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Lancet (London, England)
|August 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryoglobulins are proteins that clump in cold temperatures, causing organ damage. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with combination therapies showing promise.

More Related Videos

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies
06:37

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies

Published on: December 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies
06:37

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies

Published on: December 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37°C.
  • They cause organ damage via vascular sludging or immune-mediated mechanisms.
  • Cryoglobulinaemia is linked to infections (e.g., Hepatitis C), autoimmune disorders, and malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define cryoglobulins and their associated syndromes.
  • To outline diagnostic criteria for mixed cryoglobulinaemic syndrome.
  • To discuss clinical manifestations, prognosis, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cryoglobulinemia and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic pathways and clinical presentations.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes for various therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Mixed cryoglobulinaemic syndrome requires organ involvement and circulating cryoglobulins.
  • Cutaneous purpura is the most common symptom; peripheral nerves, kidneys, and joints are frequently affected.
  • Prognosis depends on organ damage and comorbidities; over 90% of cases have an identifiable cause.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment should target the underlying cause of cryoglobulinaemia.
  • Combined or sequential antiviral therapies and targeted biological treatments may be more effective than monotherapy.
  • Further research into optimal therapeutic strategies is warranted.