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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation01:29

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation

In a cardiovascular examination, inspection and palpation are crucial for identifying abnormalities.
Abnormal findings observed during an inspection

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry
08:23

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry

Published on: November 5, 2019

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in sickle cell anemia.

Wolney de Andrade Martins1, Heno Ferreira Lopes, Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo

  • 1Post-Graduation Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. wolney_martins@hotmail.com

Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical
|August 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients exhibit cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CAD), primarily due to hemoglobinopathy, not anemia. Their heart rate modulation is limited by the parasympathetic system, while sympathetic activity remains intact.

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Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
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Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry
08:23

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry

Published on: November 5, 2019

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
05:23

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Autonomic Neuroscience
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Sickle cell anemia (SCA) presents with cardiovascular changes like increased cardiac output and abnormal QT dispersion.
  • The underlying mechanisms, particularly cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CAD), remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of CAD in SCA patients.
  • To differentiate the roles of chronic anemia versus hemoglobinopathy in CAD.
  • To determine the sympathetic and parasympathetic system's involvement in SCA's CAD.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 16 SCA, 13 sickle cell trait (SCT), 13 iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and 13 healthy volunteers (HV).
  • Utilized 24-hour electrocardiogram (24h-ECG), plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, Valsalva maneuver (VM), diving maneuver (DV), and tilt test (TT).
  • Assessed baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for autonomic function evaluation.

Main Results:

  • SCA patients demonstrated reduced bradycardia during VM and DV, and less tachycardia/lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during TT.
  • Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was significantly decreased in both SCA and SCT groups.
  • Plasma norepinephrine levels and heart rate parameters from 24h-ECG did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CAD) is present in SCA, characterized by reduced BRS and impaired parasympathetic heart rate modulation.
  • Cardiovascular sympathetic activity is preserved in SCA patients.
  • Hemoglobinopathy, rather than anemia, is identified as the primary ethiopathogenic factor for CAD in SCA.