Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Heterologous Sequential mRNA Vaccination of Indian Rhesus Macaques Elicits Broad Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against Diverse Henipaviruses.

Viruses·2026

Same author

Prophylactic and therapeutic neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment prevents lethal yellow fever infection.

JCI insight·2025

Same author

Acute-phase innate immune responses in SIVmac239-infected <i>Mamu-B*08+</i> Indian rhesus macaques may contribute to the establishment of elite control.

Frontiers in immunology·2024

Same author

Homotypic antibodies target novel E glycoprotein domains after natural DENV 3 infection/vaccination.

Cell host & microbe·2023

Same author

Therapeutic neutralizing monoclonal antibody administration protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection.

Science translational medicine·2023

Same author

Molecular insights into antibody-mediated protection against the prototypic simian immunodeficiency virus.

Nature communications·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

HIV vaccine development.

David I Watkins¹

¹Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Topics in Antiviral Medicine

|August 27, 2011

Summary

Researchers are exploring new HIV vaccine strategies focusing on potent neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. Promising results in nonhuman primates suggest potential for effective vaccine regimens.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Vaccinology

Background:

Recent advances in understanding HIV-specific antibody responses, including potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, have spurred renewed interest in vaccine development.
The Thai vaccine trial provided encouraging preliminary results, motivating further research into effective HIV immunization strategies.

Framework:

Focus on the development of novel vaccine candidates targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Investigation into the role of somatic mutation in generating potent neutralizing antibodies against HIV.
Exploration of cellular immune responses involving HLA-C and HLA class II molecules for viral control.

Implementation:

New data indicate that neutralizing antibodies, in contrast to binding antibodies, may confer protection in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of HIV infection.

More Related Videos

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Studies presented novel vaccine approaches in NHPs, including electroporated DNA combined with the adjuvant interleukin 12.

Implications:

Findings suggest that inducing specific types of neutralizing antibodies is a critical, yet challenging, goal for effective HIV vaccination.
Cellular immunity may play a significant role in controlling HIV replication, complementing antibody-based strategies.
The combination of electroporated DNA and interleukin 12 shows promise as an efficacious vaccine regimen in preclinical NHP studies.