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Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...

Tonicity in Animals

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Published on: June 6, 2011

Hypertonic saline solutions in shock resuscitation.

Jennifer Kyes¹, Justine A Johnson

¹Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, East Greenwich, Rhode Island, USA.

Compendium (Yardley, PA)

|August 27, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypertonic saline solutions (HSS) offer improved survival in shock resuscitation by rapidly restoring intravascular volume. Unlike isotonic crystalloids, small HSS boluses mobilize extravascular water, providing sustained volume expansion and potential benefits to cardiac and immune functions.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

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Published on: June 6, 2011

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

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Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Published on: May 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Emergency Medicine
Critical Care
Fluid Resuscitation

Background:

Isotonic crystalloids have limitations in shock resuscitation, requiring large volumes and rapid infusion, and redistribute quickly.
Hypertonic saline solutions (HSS) present an alternative resuscitation fluid with distinct physiological effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics of HSS relevant to shock resuscitation.
To highlight the advantages of HSS over traditional fluid resuscitation methods.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on hypertonic saline solutions in shock.
Analysis of physiological effects of HSS on intravascular volume, cardiac function, and microcirculation.

Main Results:

HSS are administered as small-volume boluses, rapidly expanding intravascular volume by mobilizing extravascular water.
HSS provide immediate and sustained restoration of intravascular volume for several hours.
HSS demonstrate positive effects on cardiac function, microvasculature, and immune response.

Conclusions:

HSS possess unique properties making them advantageous for initial shock resuscitation.
The benefits of HSS extend beyond volume expansion, suggesting broader therapeutic applications.