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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Imaging Cell Viability on Non-transparent Scaffolds — Using the Example of a Novel Knitted Titanium Implant
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X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging as a novel method to visualize low-density scaffolds in soft tissue engineering.

Ning Zhu1, Dean Chapman, David Cooper

  • 1Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods
|August 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) offers superior visualization of low-density engineered scaffolds in soft tissues compared to conventional methods. This novel technique enhances contrast and can image scaffolds within thick tissues, crucial for tissue engineering applications.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography
07:01

3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Scaffold visualization is critical for tissue engineering success.
  • Low-density scaffolds in soft tissues present imaging challenges.
  • Existing X-ray techniques have limitations in contrast and penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) for visualizing low-density engineered scaffolds in soft tissue.
  • To compare DEI with conventional radiography and in-line phase-contrast imaging (in-line PCI).
  • To assess DEI's capability in imaging scaffolds within biological tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Scaffolds made of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and chitosan were imaged using DEI, in-line PCI, and laboratory radiography.
  • Imaging was performed in air, water, and rat muscle tissue.
  • Synchrotron radiation and laboratory X-ray sources were utilized.

Main Results:

  • DEI provided clearer visualization and enhanced contrast of low-density scaffolds compared to radiography and in-line PCI.
  • DEI was the only method capable of visualizing scaffolds within unstained rat muscle tissue.
  • DEI successfully imaged PLLA/chitosan scaffolds up to 4 cm thick in soft tissue at 20 KeV.
  • DEI also delineated muscle microstructure near scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is a promising novel method for visualizing low-density engineered scaffolds in soft tissues.
  • DEI offers superior contrast and structural detail compared to conventional X-ray techniques.
  • The technique's ability to image thick tissues and its potential for lower in vivo radiation doses make it valuable for tissue engineering and biomedical research.