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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Host factors mediating HIV-1 replication.

Brian M Friedrich1, Natallia Dziuba, Guangyu Li

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0435, United States. bmfriedr@utmb.edu

Virus Research
|August 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection requires host cell proteins for replication. Targeting these durable cellular factors offers a promising strategy for developing new HIV-1 therapies against drug resistance.

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07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a global health concern, with drug resistance limiting current antiretroviral therapies.
  • Traditional HIV-1 treatments target mutable viral proteins, leading to resistance.
  • Host cellular proteins are essential for HIV-1 replication and offer more stable therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review critical cellular factors that support HIV-1 replication.
  • To highlight the potential of host-targeting therapies for durable HIV-1 treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HIV-1-host interactions.
  • Discussion of findings from large-scale siRNA and shRNA screens identifying host factors.
  • Analysis of the role of cellular proteins in HIV-1 life cycle.

Main Results:

  • Over 1000 candidate host factors supporting HIV-1 replication have been identified.
  • New cellular pathways implicated in the HIV-1 life cycle have been revealed.
  • Maraviroc, targeting the host coreceptor CCR5, exemplifies successful host-targeting therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Host proteins represent durable and viable targets for novel HIV-1 therapeutics.
  • Understanding HIV-1-host interactions is crucial for developing next-generation antiretroviral drugs.
  • Targeting cellular pathways offers a promising avenue to overcome drug resistance in HIV-1 treatment.