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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary hyperaldosteronism: expanding the diagnostic net.

Sylvia Djajadiningrat-Laanen1, Sara Galac, Hans Kooistra

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.c.djajadiningrat@uu.nl

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
|August 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperaldosteronism is a common feline endocrine disorder often missed. Early diagnosis and treatment, like adrenalectomy, improve outcomes for affected cats.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Endocrinology
  • Comparative Pathology
  • Small Animal Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common adrenocortical disorder in cats, frequently underdiagnosed.
  • This condition, similar to humans, often goes unrecognized, limiting treatment access for many feline patients.

Observation:

  • Affected cats are typically older (median 13 years) and present with hypokalemia and/or hypertension.
  • Clinical signs include muscle weakness and ocular manifestations of hypertension.
  • The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the key screening test, with imaging crucial for staging.

Findings:

  • Differentiating adrenocortical neoplasia from bilateral hyperplasia is vital for treatment planning.
  • Unilateral adrenalectomy offers an excellent prognosis for unilateral primary hyperaldosteronism.
  • Hemorrhage is a significant risk during surgery, with risk factors needing further identification.

Implications:

  • Improved diagnostic strategies are needed to overcome imaging limitations.
  • Further research into surgical complications and risk factors for adrenalectomy is warranted.
  • This review provides practical guidance for diagnosing and managing feline primary hyperaldosteronism.