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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...

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A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

Methamphetamine: here we go again?

Jane Carlisle Maxwell1, Mary-Lynn Brecht

  • 1Addiction Research Institute, School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, I University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA. jcmaxwell@mail.utexas.edu

Addictive Behaviors
|August 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methamphetamine (meth) use initially declined in the mid-2000s but resurged by 2009-2010 due to supply-side adaptations. Continued prevention and treatment are crucial for addressing evolving drug trends.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Substance Abuse Research

Background:

  • Examined methamphetamine (meth) use trends over two decades, noting a mid-2000s decline.
  • Investigated shifts in meth supply and demand indicators to understand trend changes.
  • Assessed the sustainability of the meth problem in light of evolving drug market dynamics.

Observation:

  • Methamphetamine prevalence indicators initially decreased in the mid-2000s.
  • Observed supply-side adjustments to precursor chemical restrictions.
  • Noted a resurgence in meth prevalence indicators by 2009-2010.

Findings:

  • Methamphetamine use trends are influenced by supply-side factors and regulatory changes.
  • The mid-2000s decline in meth prevalence was temporary, followed by an increase.
  • Data indicate a dynamic relationship between precursor control and drug availability.

Implications:

  • Sustained and adaptive control and interdiction strategies are necessary.
  • Continued investment in drug prevention programs is essential.
  • Increased availability of treatment programs is required to address ongoing meth use.