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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics

K P Klugman1

  • 1Laboratory of Bacteriology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|April 1, 1990
PubMed

Insights

The geographic spread of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci is increasing, with multiply resistant strains more common in the community. Management involves specific antibiotics and interventions like reducing antibiotic use.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) is a growing global health concern.
  • Resistant pneumococci, including multidrug-resistant strains, are increasingly identified in community-acquired infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the expanding geographic distribution and characteristics of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci.
  • To identify factors associated with infections caused by resistant pneumococci and outline management and control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data on pneumococcal resistance patterns.
  • Identification of risk factors for infection with resistant strains.
  • Evaluation of current and alternative therapeutic agents and control measures.

Main Results:

  • Expanding geographic distribution of resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline; foci of chloramphenicol and rifampin resistance exist.
  • Multiply resistant pneumococci are more common and often community-acquired.
  • Factors linked to resistant infections include young age, hospitalization duration, specific serogroups/serotypes, and prior antibiotic exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of resistant pneumococcal infections relies on cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and rifampin; chloramphenicol is a less expensive alternative if susceptible.
  • Control strategies include surveillance, patient isolation, carrier treatment, and judicious antibiotic use.
  • Understanding molecular mechanisms of resistance is crucial for combating resistant pneumococci.

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