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Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Published on: February 6, 2012

Multicolour interphase cytogenetics: 24 chromosome probes, 6 colours, 4 layers.

D Ioannou¹, E J Meershoek, A R Thornhill

¹School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, CT2 7NJ, Canterbury, UK.

Molecular and Cellular Probes

|September 1, 2011

Summary

This study introduces a new method for assessing chromosome copy number in interphase nuclei using advanced fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) probes and imaging. This technique enables precise ploidy analysis of all 24 human chromosomes within a single nucleus.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Published on: February 6, 2012

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Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

Published on: August 15, 2013

Area of Science:

Genetics
Molecular Biology
Cytogenetics

Background:

Fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) revolutionized cytogenetics, enabling visualization of DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Advancements led to 24-color assays for distinguishing all human chromosomes.
Interphase cytogenetics for copy number detection faced limitations with complex multicolor FISH due to signal overlap.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel protocol for assessing chromosome copy number in interphase nuclei.
To overcome limitations of existing multicolor FISH techniques for interphase analysis.
To enable precise ploidy assessment of all 24 human chromosomes in a single nucleus.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel FISH protocol.
Utilization of new fast-hybridising FISH probes.
Implementation of a bespoke image capture system for enhanced signal detection.
Application of individual or sequential hybridisation of multicolour probe sets.

Main Results:

Successfully developed and applied a new protocol for interphase cytogenetics.
Enabled assessment of chromosome copy number for all 24 human chromosomes in the same nucleus.
Demonstrated the utility of the technique for analysing ploidy and nuclear organisation.

Conclusions:

The novel FISH protocol, probes, and imaging system significantly advance interphase cytogenetics.
This technique offers a powerful tool for investigating chromosome copy number and nuclear organisation.
Applications span diverse cell types, including sperm, cancer cells, and preimplantation embryos.