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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
09:31

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

Published on: March 11, 2011

Ran-dependent nuclear export mediators: a structural perspective.

Thomas Güttler1, Dirk Görlich

  • 1Department of Cellular Logistics, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany.

The EMBO Journal
|September 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear export utilizes exportins, versatile carriers that transport molecules through nuclear pore complexes. Recent structural studies reveal how these exportins bind cargo, load via RanGTP, and disassemble in the cytoplasm.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
09:31

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

Published on: March 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear export is a vital eukaryotic process for cellular function.
  • It occurs via nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and involves soluble transport receptors.
  • RanGTPase-dependent exportins are a major class of these versatile carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of nuclear export mechanisms.
  • To highlight recent structural insights into exportin-cargo interactions.
  • To discuss emerging principles and open questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent structural studies.
  • Analysis of protein- and RNA-specific exportins.
  • Integration of findings on cargo binding, Ran-mediated loading, and complex disassembly.

Main Results:

  • Exportins load substrates in the nucleus upon RanGTP binding.
  • Export complexes (RanGTP-exportin-cargo) traverse NPCs to the cytoplasm.
  • GTP hydrolysis in the cytoplasm triggers export complex disassembly.

Conclusions:

  • Exportin substrate specificity varies significantly.
  • Structural biology has elucidated key steps in nuclear export.
  • Further research is needed to address prevailing questions in exportin function.