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Related Concept Videos

Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Mathematical Expressions and Units01:19

Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Mathematical Expressions and Units

Mathematical principles play a crucial role in pharmacokinetics, providing a framework for understanding and quantifying drug distribution and elimination dynamics in the body. By utilizing mathematical expressions and units, pharmacologists can accurately characterize the behavior of drugs, optimize dosing regimens, and predict therapeutic outcomes.
One significant application of mathematics in pharmacokinetics is the characterization of drug distribution through the volume of distribution...
Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
Chemical Formulas02:52

Chemical Formulas

A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Calculus and Graphs01:21

Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Calculus and Graphs

The fundamental mathematical principles, such as calculus and graphs, play crucial roles in analyzing drug movement and determining pharmacokinetic parameters. Differential calculus examines rates of change and helps to determine the dissolution rate of drugs in biofluids, as well as how drug concentrations change over time. For instance, it can help calculate the rate of elimination of a drug from the body based on its concentration-time profile.
On the other hand, integral calculus focuses on...
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:10

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules.

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Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
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[The formula book. The pharmacies' own formulas].

Hans-Otto Loldrup

    Theriaca
    |September 2, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Danish pharmacists used handwritten formula books with thousands of recipes for medicines and domestic products. These valuable resources declined as pharmacies stopped compounding drugs by the late 20th century.

    Area of Science:

    • History of Pharmacy
    • Pharmaceutical Compounding
    • Social History

    Context:

    • Explores the historical significance of handwritten formula books used by Danish pharmacists.
    • These books supplemented official pharmacopoeias from the 19th to the late 20th century.
    • Formulas originated from diverse sources including colleagues, medical professionals, and the pharmaceutical press.

    Purpose:

    • To provide an overview of 52 Danish pharmacist formula books.
    • To document the practical knowledge encompassing 8,000-10,000 compositions.
    • To trace the evolution and eventual obsolescence of these formula books.

    Summary:

    • Formula books contained recipes for pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and cleaning agents, serving both professional and domestic needs.

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  • Some knowledge was published for pharmacists, while other practical advice was disseminated to the public via booklets.
  • The practice of pharmacies compounding their own medicines ceased in 1990, leading to the decline of these formula books.
  • Impact:

    • Highlights the rich, practical knowledge base of historical pharmacists.
    • Illustrates the changing role of pharmacies in medicine preparation and public health.
    • Preserves a record of pharmaceutical practices and their societal integration.