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Related Concept Videos

Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Candidiasis01:20

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
Sweat glands are classified as merocrine glands; that is, the secretions are excreted by exocytosis through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland. There...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Rat Model of Compound Acne
03:10

A Rat Model of Compound Acne

Published on: November 1, 2024

Acne vulgaris.

Hywel C Williams1, Robert P Dellavalle, Sarah Garner

  • 1Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. hywel.williams@nottingham.ac.uk

Lancet (London, England)
|September 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting many, with treatments offering variable results. Further research is needed to understand acne triggers and compare treatment effectiveness for better patient outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Inflammatory Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit.
  • It involves increased sebum production, altered keratinization, inflammation, and Propionibacterium acnes colonization.
  • Acne can cause significant psychological distress, scarring, and persist into adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of acne vulgaris pathophysiology and treatment.
  • To highlight the scarcity of high-quality evidence on comparative treatment effectiveness.
  • To identify areas for future research in acne management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of common topical and systemic acne therapies.
  • Analysis of existing evidence on treatment efficacy and safety.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps in acne research.

Main Results:

  • Topical therapies (benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, antibiotics) are effective for mild to moderate acne.
  • Systemic treatments like oral antibiotics and isotretinoin are used for severe acne.
  • Evidence on comparative effectiveness and safety of many acne treatments is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Most patients can find a suitable acne treatment regimen.
  • Oral isotretinoin is highly effective for severe acne but has significant side effects.
  • More research is crucial for understanding acne triggers, subtypes, and comparative therapeutic effectiveness.