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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Cold heteromolecular dipolar collisions.

Brian C Sawyer1, Benjamin K Stuhl, Mark Yeo

  • 1JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA. bsawyer@nist.gov

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|September 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed cold molecule collisions between hydroxyl (OH) and ammonia (ND3) for the first time. The total collision cross section increased with an electric field, matching theoretical predictions.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Chemical Physics
  • Quantum Dynamics

Background:

  • Low-energy collision dynamics of cold molecules remain underexplored.
  • Experimental control over neutral polar molecules at low temperatures is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe and measure cold collisions between two different species of state-selected neutral polar molecules.
  • To investigate the influence of external electric fields on these cold molecular collisions.

Main Methods:

  • Combined Stark deceleration, magnetic trapping, and cryogenic buffer gas cooling.
  • Absolute measurement of total trap loss cross sections.
  • Utilized ab initio potential energy surface calculations for theoretical comparison.

Main Results:

  • First experimental observation of cold collisions between OH and ND3 molecules.
  • Measured total trap loss cross sections at 3.6 cm⁻¹ (5 K).
  • Observed an increase in the total cross section with an applied external electric field due to dipolar interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The experimental results for cold OH-ND3 collisions agree with theoretical calculations at zero electric field.
  • This work provides a benchmark for theoretical studies of collisions involving radicals and polyatomic molecules.
  • Demonstrates a new capability for studying interspecies cold molecule collisions.