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Related Concept Videos

Chunking01:12

Chunking

Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking is...
Problem-Solving01:29

Problem-Solving

Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

How does a child solve 7 + 8? Decoding brain activity patterns associated with counting and retrieval strategies.

Soohyun Cho1, Srikanth Ryali, David C Geary

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.

Developmental Science
|September 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Children shift from effortful counting to memory-based math strategies, engaging distinct brain networks. This neural reorganization in regions like the prefrontal cortex is key to developing arithmetic skills.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive development involves a shift from effortful processing to memory-based problem-solving.
  • Children's arithmetic skill acquisition is a critical period for observing strategy changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the neural correlates of strategy shifts in arithmetic problem-solving in children.
  • To investigate brain activity differences between retrieval and procedural counting strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Used univariate and multivariate neuroimaging approaches to analyze brain responses.
  • Compared brain activity in 7-9-year-old children using retrieval versus procedural counting strategies.

Main Results:

  • Children using retrieval strategies showed greater activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (univariate analysis).
  • Multivariate analysis revealed distinct activity patterns in the hippocampus, parietal cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for each strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Arithmetic strategy use (retrieval vs. counting) is associated with distinct neural activity patterns in a distributed brain network.
  • Neural reorganization in multiple brain regions underlies the transition to memory-based arithmetic problem-solving.
  • Multivariate neuroimaging offers insights into fine-scale developmental brain changes.