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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

Minor antigens on transfused RBCs crossprime CD8 T cells but do not induce full effector function.

M Desmarets¹, G Mylvaganam, E K Waller

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

|September 3, 2011

Summary

Red blood cells (RBCs) expressing minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAs) do not appear to induce bone marrow transplant (BMT) rejection. Contaminating platelets or leukocytes in transfused units may be responsible for BMT rejection.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Transplantation immunology

Background:

HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is curative for hematological disorders.
High rejection rates after BMT correlate with prior transfusions, suggesting an immunogenic component in transfused products.
Previous studies implicated minor antigens (mHAs) on transfused cells in BMT rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of red blood cells (RBCs) as an immunogen in inducing BMT rejection.
To determine if RBC-expressed mHAs alone can sensitize recipients to subsequent BMT.

Main Methods:

Utilized transgenic HOD mice expressing a model mHA exclusively on RBCs.
Transfused HOD blood into recipients and assessed BMT rejection.
Evaluated endogenous anti-HOD CD8(+) T-cell responses using tetramer reagents.
Adoptively transferred OT-I T cells to assess their expansion, phenotype, and cytotoxic activity post-transfusion.

Main Results:

Transfusion of HOD blood did not induce BMT rejection in recipients sharing mHAs with HOD RBCs.
No endogenous anti-HOD CD8(+) T-cell response was detected.
Adoptively transferred OT-I T cells showed transient expansion and a semi-effector phenotype (TNF-α, IFN-γ secretion, minimal Granzyme B).
In vivo cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) assays revealed only transient lytic activity.

Conclusions:

RBCs expressing mHAs may not be the primary driver of BMT rejection.
The immunogenic component in RBC units responsible for BMT rejection might be contaminating platelets or leukocytes.