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Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) in bacteria: a bioinformatic perspective.

Michael Kisiela1, Adam Skarka, Bettina Ebert

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Steroidal compounds are vital for physiological processes, with hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) mediating steroid hormone metabolism.
  • HSDs act as enzymatic switches, regulating steroid access to nuclear receptors and fine-tuning cellular responses.
  • HSDs belong to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) or aldo-keto reductases (AKR) superfamilies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and bioinformatically annotate functional HSDs in complete bacterial genomes.
  • To perform a phylogenetic analysis of specific HSDs and related enzymes.
  • To investigate the distribution of HSDs across various bacterial phyla and environments.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of specific hidden Markov models for reliable HSD identification.
  • Iterative approach for bioinformatic annotation of HSD proteins.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of 3α-, 7α-, 12α-HSDs and related dehydrogenases.

Main Results:

  • Successfully annotated HSD proteins in various bacterial species, including those previously reported to have HSD activity.
  • Identified Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes as dominant phyla expressing HSDs.
  • Detected HSDs in ancient microorganisms (Cyanobacteria, Euryachaeota) and bacteria from diverse habitats (gut flora, soil, marine sediments).

Conclusions:

  • HSDs are widely distributed across bacteria and archaea, indicating conserved steroid metabolism mechanisms.
  • Bacterial HSDs may play roles in nutrient supply and signaling within microbial communities.
  • The study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic overview of HSDs in microorganisms.