Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination
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Updated: May 29, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
Published on: August 9, 2012
Neil C Vining1, Kit M Song, Richard W Grady
1Raleigh Orthopaedic Clinic, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Bladder exstrophy is a complex birth defect requiring urogenital and skeletal repair. Surgical reconstruction, including pelvic osteotomy, aims for bladder closure, continence, and functional genitalia, with good outcomes at specialized centers.
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