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Related Concept Videos

Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
11:14

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

HIV-TB: the 'cursed duet'.

Amitabh Kumar1, Upasna Agarwal

  • 1Charak Palika Hospital, New Delhi.

Journal of the Indian Medical Association
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major concern for HIV patients in India, especially before antiretroviral therapy (ART). Early diagnosis and integrated treatment for TB and HIV are crucial for better outcomes.

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Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
11:14

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
11:19

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Published on: May 4, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent infection in HIV-infected individuals in India.
  • HIV is the most significant risk factor for TB development, irrespective of disease stage.
  • Extrapulmonary TB and hilar lymphadenopathy are common in HIV-TB co-infection, posing diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the epidemiology and clinical challenges of TB in HIV-infected patients in India.
  • To emphasize the importance of integrated management strategies for HIV and TB.
  • To underscore the role of early referral to national programs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical data on TB in HIV-infected patients in India.
  • Focus on diagnostic methods, particularly sputum smear microscopy for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB).
  • Discussion of treatment paradigms including antitubercular and antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Main Results:

  • TB significantly contributes to mortality in HIV patients, particularly in the pre-ART era.
  • Extrapulmonary TB constitutes approximately 50% of cases in co-infected individuals.
  • Sputum smear microscopy remains a primary diagnostic tool despite challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated management of TB and HIV, including early initiation of ART alongside antitubercular therapy, is essential.
  • Timely referral to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) and ART programs improves patient outcomes.
  • Addressing diagnostic challenges in HIV-TB co-infection is critical for effective control.