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Culturing and Screening the Plant Parasitic Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci

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NRPS substrate promiscuity diversifies the xenematides.

Jason M Crawford¹, Cyril Portmann, Renee Kontnik

¹Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Organic Letters

|September 6, 2011

Summary

A novel antibiotic, xenematide, is produced by a unique enzyme, nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). This enzyme

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Xenematide is a cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila.
The biosynthetic pathway for xenematide was previously unclear, with a candidate enzyme showing atypical features.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of a candidate nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in xenematide production.
To identify and characterize novel xenematide derivatives.

Main Methods:

Differential metabolite analysis comparing a mutant and wildtype strain of Xenorhabdus nematophila.
Analysis of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) structure and function.

Main Results:

A stand-alone nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) was confirmed as essential for xenematide production.
The NRPS was found to produce a series of new xenematide derivatives.
Atypical features of the NRPS, including adenylation domain promiscuity and relaxed downstream processing, were identified.

Conclusions:

The Xenorhabdus nematophila NRPS is responsible for xenematide biosynthesis and diversification.
Enzyme promiscuity and relaxed processing are key mechanisms for generating novel antibiotic derivatives.