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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

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An overview on ELISA techniques for FMD.

Li-na Ma¹, Jie Zhang, Hao-tai Chen

¹State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.

Virology Journal

|September 6, 2011

Summary

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) diagnosis relies on ELISA tests for typing and monitoring. Current methods need improvement for differentiating infection from vaccination, with new reagents like virus-like particles showing future promise.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Immunodiagnostics
Animal Health Economics

Background:

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses in cloven-hoofed animals globally.
Accurate diagnosis and monitoring of FMD are crucial for disease control, eradication, and regaining FMD-free status.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a predominant method for FMD research, potentially replacing traditional diagnostic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of available ELISA methods for FMDV.
To analyze ELISA formats for FMD typing, antigenic analysis, and vaccination status differentiation.
To discuss recent advances and trends in ELISA reagents for FMD surveillance and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

A thorough review of over 100 studies on ELISA methods for FMD diagnosis, antigenic analysis, and monitoring.
Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of various ELISA tests.
Analysis of antibody-trapping, competitive ELISAs, and RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA.

Main Results:

Antibody-trapping and competitive ELISAs demonstrate high specificity for FMD detection.
RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA offers enhanced sensitivity.
Monoclonal antibodies and specific non-structural proteins (NSPs) like 3ABC are valuable, but no single NSP reliably differentiates infection from vaccination.
Recombinant antigens and peptides offer safer alternatives to inactivated virus antigens.

Conclusions:

There is a need for simple, fast, and reliable laboratory tests using target proteins to accurately determine animal infection status.
Virus-like particles (VLPs) combined with high-throughput antibody techniques like phage antibody libraries or antibody microarrays represent promising future ELISA diagnostic reagents for FMD.