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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice
09:50

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice

Published on: March 10, 2011

Another nail in the hammer's coffin?

Mervyn Singer1, David Brealey

  • 1Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. m.singer@ucl.ac.uk

Critical Care (London, England)
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Dobutamine, a catecholamine, may improve vital signs but lacks formal long-term safety and outcome data. Re-evaluation of catecholamine use is needed due to potential harm.

Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular research

Background:

  • Catecholamines like dobutamine are commonly used to manage low cardiac output and hypotension.
  • Despite widespread use, these drugs have not undergone formal testing for long-term safety and patient outcomes.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential deleterious effects and harm suggested by retrospective studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically re-evaluate the established use of catecholamines in clinical practice.
  • To highlight the lack of formal long-term outcome and safety data for catecholamine drugs.
  • To discuss the potential for harm associated with catecholamine administration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on catecholamine pharmacology.

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Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus
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Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice
09:50

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice

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An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice
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An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice

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Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus
12:48

Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus

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  • Analysis of retrospective studies suggesting harm from catecholamine use.
  • Discussion of the known deleterious actions of catecholamines.

    • Main Results:

    • Catecholamines can temporarily improve hemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure and cardiac output.
    • There is a significant lack of formal, prospective studies evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of catecholamines.
    • Retrospective data suggest potential harm and negative outcomes associated with their use.

    Conclusions:

    • The current clinical practice of using catecholamines requires re-evaluation.
    • The potential for harm necessitates a critical assessment of their risk-benefit profile.
    • Further research into the long-term effects of catecholamines is crucial for patient safety.