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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
11:39

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 21, 2017

Autophagy and cytokines.

James Harris1

  • 1Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. jaharris@tcd.ie

Cytokine
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular degradation process, plays a key role in managing inflammation. It influences cytokine production and immune responses, highlighting its importance in immunity.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading cytosolic components and pathogens.
  • It is triggered by various stimuli, including nutrient deprivation and immune signals like toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines.
  • Specific cytokines like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induce autophagy, while others such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibit it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between autophagy and inflammation.
  • To explore how autophagy regulates the production and secretion of key inflammatory cytokines.
  • To discuss the role of autophagy in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating autophagy induction and regulation by cytokines.
  • Analysis of research on autophagy's impact on cytokine secretion.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding autophagy's role in immune system coordination.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy is induced by certain cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α) and inhibited by others (e.g., IL-4, IL-10).
  • Autophagy actively modulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-18, and TNF-α.
  • Autophagy influences both innate and adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical regulator of inflammatory processes.
  • The interplay between autophagy and cytokines is essential for immune system function.
  • Autophagy holds significant potential for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases.