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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Detection of Post-Replicative Gaps Accumulation and Repair in Human Cells Using the DNA Fiber Assay
10:32

Detection of Post-Replicative Gaps Accumulation and Repair in Human Cells Using the DNA Fiber Assay

Published on: February 3, 2022

DNA replication and repair bypass machines.

Ulrich Hübscher1, Giovanni Maga

  • 1Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland. hubscher@vetbio.uzh.ch

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining genetic stability is vital for life. DNA polymerases replicate and repair DNA, overcoming daily DNA damage from internal and external factors to ensure accurate duplication.

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Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Detection of Post-Replicative Gaps Accumulation and Repair in Human Cells Using the DNA Fiber Assay
10:32

Detection of Post-Replicative Gaps Accumulation and Repair in Human Cells Using the DNA Fiber Assay

Published on: February 3, 2022

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
07:18

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
07:55

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Genetic stability is essential for all life forms.
  • Mammalian DNA replication involves duplicating billions of bases with high fidelity.
  • DNA is susceptible to significant daily damage from endogenous and exogenous sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lesion bypass mechanisms by DNA polymerase machines.
  • To focus on DNA replication and repair processes.
  • To specifically examine the repair of oxidative DNA lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of DNA polymerase functions in replication and repair.
  • Analysis of DNA damage and repair pathways.
  • Focus on oxidative lesion repair mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • DNA polymerase machines play a critical role in bypassing DNA lesions during replication and repair.
  • Cells employ sophisticated mechanisms to minimize errors during DNA duplication despite constant damage.
  • Oxidative lesions represent a significant challenge that requires specific repair strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient DNA lesion bypass by DNA polymerases is crucial for maintaining genetic integrity.
  • Understanding these bypass mechanisms is key to comprehending cellular responses to DNA damage.
  • Further research into the repair of oxidative lesions can reveal insights into preventing genetic instability.