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Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...

What are Second Messengers?

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

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Modeling Paracrine Noncanonical Wnt Signaling In Vitro

Modeling Paracrine Noncanonical Wnt Signaling In Vitro

Published on: December 10, 2021

Noncanonical intracrine action.

Richard N Re¹, Julia L Cook

¹Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA. rre@ochsner.org

Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH

|September 6, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular signaling proteins, known as intracrines, function inside cells. This study explores their noncanonical actions beyond receptor activation, impacting diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

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Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

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Published on: August 1, 2016

Area of Science:

Cellular Biology
Molecular Signaling
Endocrinology

Background:

Extracellular signaling proteins increasingly recognized for intracellular functions, termed intracrines.
Intracrine mechanisms are crucial for understanding human disorders, including cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Some intracrines activate cognate receptors on intracellular membranes, like the nuclear envelope.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss known intracrine actions.
To highlight the physiological relevance of noncanonical intracrine mechanisms.
To expand the understanding of peptide signaling and its role in cardiovascular biology.

Main Methods:

Literature review and discussion of existing research on intracrine signaling.
Analysis of intracrine actions beyond canonical membrane receptor activation.
Integration of findings with the role of angiotensin II and other cardiovascular hormones.

Main Results:

Intracrine actions often involve mechanisms distinct from membrane receptor activation (noncanonical actions).
These noncanonical pathways are physiologically relevant and expand the understanding of peptide signaling.
Understanding noncanonical intracrine function is critical for interpreting the roles of hormones like angiotensin II.

Conclusions:

Noncanonical intracrine actions represent a significant and often overlooked mode of intracellular peptide signaling.
Further research into noncanonical intracrine mechanisms is essential for advancing our knowledge of cellular regulation and disease pathology.
This perspective reframes the understanding of peptide hormone action, particularly in cardiovascular biology.