Chromatin disruption in the promoter of bovine leukemia virus during transcriptional activation

Bovine leukemia virus expression relies on its chromatin organization after integration into the host cell genome. Proviral latency, which results from transcriptional repression in vivo, represents a viral strategy to escape the host immune system and likely allows for tumor progression. Here, we discriminated two types of latency: an easily reactivable latent state of the YR2 provirus and a 'locked' latent state of the L267 provirus. The defective YR2 provirus was characterized by the presence of nuclease hypersensitive sites at the U3/R junction and in the R/U5 region of the 5'-long terminal repeat (5'-LTR), whereas the L267 provirus displayed a closed chromatin configuration at the U3/R junction. Reactivation of viral expression in YR2 cells by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin combination was accompanied by a rapid but transient chromatin remodeling in the 5'-LTR, leading to an increased PU.1 and USF-1/USF-2 recruitment in vivo sustained by PMA/ionomycin-mediated USF phosphorylation. In contrast, viral expression was not reactivated by PMA/ionomycin in L267 cells, because the 5'-LTR U3/R region remained inaccessible to nucleases and hypermethylated at CpG dinucleotides. Remarkably, we elucidated the BLV 5'-LTR chromatin organization in PBMCs isolated from BLV-infected cows, thereby depicting the virus hiding in vivo in its natural host.