Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Chronotype and sleep quality in forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia: exploring their interplay with aggressive and impulsive traits.

Dusunen adam : Bakirkoy Ruh ve Sinir Hastaliklari Hastanesi yayin organi·2026

Same author

A Bell's Palsy Case Probably Related to Sertraline Use.

Psychopharmacology bulletin·2024

Same author

Incidental choroid plexus papilloma in a forensic psychiatric inpatient: a case report.

Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)·2024

Same author

Treatment adherence in forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders discharged on long-acting injectable antipsychotics: a comparative 3-year mirror-image study.

International clinical psychopharmacology·2023

Same author

Profiling Homicides Based on Impulsive or Proactive Natures in Male Schizophrenia Patients.

The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law·2023

Same author

Clozapine-Associated Dress-Like Phenomenon Accompanied by Non-Specific Severe Diarrhea.

Psychiatria Danubina·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Autism and metabolic cytopathy.

Mehmet Emin Ceylan¹, Ayse Fulya Maner, Ahmet Turkcan

¹Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.

The Open Neuroimaging Journal

|September 6, 2011

Summary

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with various contributing factors. Research is increasingly focusing on genetic and cellular causes due to limited evidence for environmental influences.

Keywords:

Autism genetics metabolic cytopathy.

More Related Videos

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Published on: September 20, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with a multifactorial etiology.
Genetic disorders like fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, and phenylketonuria are often associated with ASD.
Limited evidence for environmental, neuroanatomical, and biochemical factors has redirected research focus.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of autism etiology.
To highlight the shift towards genetic and cytological research in autism.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on autism etiology.
Analysis of the etiological factors implicated in autism spectrum disorder.

Main Results:

Genetic factors play a significant role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder.
Associated genetic disorders are common in individuals with autism.
Environmental, neuroanatomical, and biochemical factors have less established etiological roles.

Conclusions:

The etiology of autism is multifactorial, with a strong genetic component.
Future research should continue to explore the genetic and cytological underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder.