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Related Concept Videos

Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C (97–99°F), remaining relatively stable...
Energy Budgets00:51

Energy Budgets

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
04:54

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

Published on: June 2, 2023

Energy expenditure: components and evaluation methods.

A C Pinheiro Volp1, F C Esteves de Oliveira, R Duarte Moreira Alves

  • 1Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. anavolp@gmail.com

Nutricion Hospitalaria
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurately determining energy expenditure is crucial for personalized nutrition. While indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water offer precision, other methods provide convenient, cost-effective alternatives with careful application.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Accurate energy expenditure determination is vital for personalized nutritional support, considering physical activity and health.
  • Various methods exist for energy expenditure assessment, including indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance, doubly labeled water, and predictive equations.
  • Inconsistencies in research findings highlight a lack of consensus on the universal applicability of many energy expenditure determination methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components of energy expenditure.
  • To describe methods for determining and estimating energy expenditure.
  • To summarize the advantages and limitations of each method.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on energy expenditure determination methods.
  • Analysis of indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance, doubly labeled water, and predictive equations.
  • Synthesis of advantages and limitations for each method.

Main Results:

  • Indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water are recognized for their accuracy.
  • These accurate methods are associated with higher costs.
  • Alternative methods, despite limitations, offer convenience and lower costs, warranting cautious use.

Conclusions:

  • Indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water are gold standards for accuracy but are expensive.
  • Convenient and less expensive methods exist but require careful application due to limitations.
  • The choice of method depends on the balance between accuracy requirements, cost, and practical considerations.