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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Ghrelin acylation and metabolic control.

O Al Massadi1, M H Tschöp, J Tong

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA. tschoemh@ucmail.uc.edu

Peptides
|September 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) regulates energy and glucose metabolism by controlling acyl ghrelin production. Targeting GOAT may offer new treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ghrelin, a gut hormone, influences numerous physiological functions.
  • Acylation, specifically the addition of a fatty acid side chain, is crucial for ghrelin's activity at its receptor (GHSR-1a).
  • Ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) is the enzyme responsible for this essential ghrelin acylation process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of GOAT in regulating energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism.
  • To explore the impact of GOAT activity on acyl ghrelin (AG) production.
  • To summarize the metabolic effects of GOAT inhibitors and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GOAT function and ghrelin acylation.
  • Analysis of GOAT's involvement in various endocrine systems and metabolic pathways.

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Body Composition and Metabolic Caging Analysis in High Fat Fed Mice

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Body Composition and Metabolic Caging Analysis in High Fat Fed Mice
10:28

Body Composition and Metabolic Caging Analysis in High Fat Fed Mice

Published on: May 24, 2018

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

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  • Examination of studies on GOAT-specific inhibitors and their metabolic consequences.

    • Main Results:

    • GOAT plays a significant role in modulating acyl ghrelin production, impacting energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism.
    • GOAT activity is influenced by substrate availability (proghrelin, fatty acids) and dietary lipids.
    • The precise role of GOAT and AG during starvation requires further investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • GOAT is a key regulator of acyl ghrelin production, essential for energy and glucose balance.
    • GOAT inhibitors show potential for treating metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate GOAT's function, particularly during starvation.