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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a reaction.
Regioselective Formation of Enolates01:33

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates: less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.
Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor
13:29

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Published on: December 15, 2018

Communication: highly accurate ozone formation potential and implications for kinetics.

Richard Dawes1, Phalgun Lolur, Jianyi Ma

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA. dawesr@mst.edu

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Atmospheric ozone (O3) formation dynamics were clarified. New calculations reveal a smooth energy pathway, correcting previous models and improving agreement with experimental ozone formation rates.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor
13:29

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Published on: December 15, 2018

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09:46

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Published on: November 18, 2018

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer
07:24

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Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Quantum Dynamics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Atmospheric ozone (O3) formation involves the O + O2 exchange reaction and subsequent stabilization of the O3(*) intermediate.
  • The reaction dynamics and O3 stabilization are highly sensitive to the potential energy surface, especially in the asymptotic region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately determine the potential energy surface for the O + O2 reaction.
  • To investigate the minimal energy path for O3 formation and identify any potential barriers.
  • To improve theoretical predictions of atmospheric ozone formation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Employed highly accurate Davidson corrected multi-state multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) calculations.
  • Utilized quantum scattering calculations to determine reaction rate constants.
  • Analyzed the asymptotic region of the potential energy surface.

Main Results:

  • Revealed a monotonically decaying minimal energy path for O3 formation, lacking the previously predicted 'reef' feature.
  • The absence of a submerged barrier was confirmed.
  • Calculated exchange rate constants exhibit correct temperature dependence and better experimental agreement.

Conclusions:

  • The refined potential energy surface accurately describes O + O2 dynamics relevant to atmospheric ozone formation.
  • The study corrects previous theoretical findings regarding the reaction pathway.
  • Improved theoretical predictions enhance our understanding of atmospheric chemistry and ozone layer dynamics.