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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
07:51

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: July 18, 2017

Differences between chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived chondrogenic cells.

Hongsen Chiang1, Chang-Hsun Hsieh, Yun-Han Lin

  • 1National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|September 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificially induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) show chondrogenic potential but differ from native chondrocytes in molecular and mechanical properties. These differences are crucial for cartilage repair strategies using iMSCs.

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Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
07:51

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: July 18, 2017

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:10

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Autologous chondrocytes are the gold standard for cartilage repair but are limited in availability.
  • Artificially induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) are explored as an alternative cell source for cartilage regeneration.
  • Understanding the differences between iMSCs and chondrocytes is critical for optimizing cell-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the molecular biological and mechanical properties of iMSCs and native chondrocytes.
  • To assess the suitability of iMSCs as a substitute for chondrocytes in cartilage repair.

Main Methods:

  • Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were induced into iMSCs using TGF-β1.
  • Molecular properties analyzed via RT-PCR (mRNA profiles) and flow cytometry (surface proteomics).
  • Mechanical properties analyzed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for topology, adhesion, and stiffness.

Main Results:

  • Both iMSCs and chondrocytes expressed type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan; only chondrocytes expressed type X collagen.
  • Chondrocytes showed higher expression of type II collagen and integrin-1 compared to iMSCs.
  • AFM revealed significant differences in cell shape, adhesion force (iMSCs: 4.54 nN vs. chondrocytes: 6.86 nN), and surface stiffness (iMSCs: 0.109 N/m vs. chondrocytes: 0.134 N/m).

Conclusions:

  • While iMSCs exhibit a chondrogenic phenotype, they possess distinct molecular and mechanical characteristics compared to native chondrocytes.
  • These identified differences highlight potential limitations and areas for further research in using iMSCs for articular cartilage repair.