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Related Concept Videos

Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
13:35

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: May 23, 2025

GAPDH: a common enzyme with uncommon functions.

Craig Nicholls1, He Li, Jun-Ping Liu

  • 1Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
|September 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is crucial for energy metabolism but also regulates cell survival and death through non-metabolic functions. Understanding these extraglycolytic roles is key to comprehending cell proliferation and aging.

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A High-Throughput Enzyme-Coupled Activity Assay to Probe Small Molecule Interaction with the dNTPase SAMHD1
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Published on: April 16, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis, essential for ATP and pyruvate production.
  • Emerging research reveals GAPDH possesses critical functions beyond its established metabolic role.
  • Dysregulation of GAPDH activity, influenced by factors like oxidative stress, is linked to cellular aging and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the extraglycolytic functions of GAPDH.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which GAPDH influences cell proliferation and survival.
  • To highlight GAPDH's role in regulating both cell survival and apoptotic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific findings.
  • Analysis of studies investigating GAPDH interacting partners.
  • Synthesis of evidence on GAPDH's extraglycolytic activities.

Main Results:

  • GAPDH interacts with various molecules, including proteins, RNA, and telomeric DNA.
  • Increased GAPDH expression correlates with cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
  • Impaired GAPDH activity due to oxidative stress contributes to cellular aging and apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • GAPDH plays a significant role in cellular processes independent of glycolysis.
  • The enzyme's interactions and regulatory functions are critical for cell fate.
  • GAPDH is a key regulator of both cell survival and programmed cell death.