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Updated: May 29, 2026

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

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Published on: July 11, 2025

Best practice in primary care pathology: review 14.

J C Cabrera-Abreu1, W S A Smellie, R Bowley

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Berkshire and Battle NHS Trust, Reading, UK.

Journal of Clinical Pathology
|September 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review provides best practice guidance for requesting specific tumour markers in primary care. It covers carbohydrate antigen 125, α-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin, offering evidence-based recommendations.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Clinical Biochemistry
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Tumour marker (TM) requesting in primary care requires clear, evidence-based guidelines.
  • Previous reviews have addressed TM requesting; this paper focuses on specific markers.
  • Existing guidance needs periodic updates to incorporate new research and clinical insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present best practice recommendations for requesting carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125), α-fetoprotein (AFP), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in primary care.
  • To consolidate current national and international guidance for these tumour markers.
  • To provide a referenced, question-and-answer format for easy clinical application.

Main Methods:

  • A standardized literature search was conducted for national/international guidance, consensus statements, health policy documents, and evidence-based reviews.
  • MEDLINE and EMBASE searches supplemented the literature review to identify primary research.
  • Information was synthesized to create question-answer based recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Recommendations for the appropriate use of CA-125, AFP, and hCG in primary care settings are provided.
  • The review consolidates evidence from multiple sources into actionable guidance.
  • The Q&A format facilitates quick access to relevant information for clinicians.

Conclusions:

  • This review offers updated, evidence-based best practices for requesting key tumour markers in primary care.
  • The recommendations aim to improve the appropriate utilization of CA-125, AFP, and hCG.
  • Future updates will ensure the guidance remains current with emerging scientific information.