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Updated: May 29, 2026

Quantitation of Protein Expression and Co-localization Using Multiplexed Immuno-histochemical Staining and Multispectral Imaging
Published on: April 8, 2016
Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence procedures for protein analysis
Kishore Reddy Katikireddy1, Finbarr O'Sullivan
1National Institute of Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland. kishore.katikireddy2@mail.dcu.ie
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) are vital diagnostic tools that visualize antibodies binding to cellular antigens. Proper tissue fixation and staining methods are crucial for accurate protein localization and avoiding artifacts in IHC and IF.
Area of Science:
- Biotechnology
- Cell Biology
- Histology
Background:
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) utilize antibody-antigen binding for visualizing cellular targets.
- These techniques are increasingly important for diagnostics and targeted therapy guidance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a generic method for protein and antigen localization using direct and indirect IHC and IF.
- To outline essential considerations for successful IHC and IF staining.
Main Methods:
- Describes a basic protocol for IHC and IF, emphasizing antibody-antigen binding and visualization.
- Highlights the critical role of proper tissue/cell fixation for antigen distribution and morphology preservation.
Main Results:
- Details reagents required for IHC and IF procedures.
- Addresses potential artifacts and pitfalls, offering strategies for their avoidance.
Conclusions:
- IHC and IF are versatile techniques for antigen detection in various specimens.
- Methodological adherence, including fixation and reagent selection, is key to reliable results and artifact prevention.
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